Binge Eating Disorder - 1787 Words

Introduction Through time, the definition of the word ‘binge has evolved to mean different things altogether. In the 70s, people binge when they go on a drunken spree. (The American Heritage Dictionary) Today, people binge when they overindulge, not in alcoholic beverages, but in food. Many like to use this word trivially, to describe an episode of slight overeating. There are some, however, who cannot afford to see binging as an insignificant rise in food intake. When they binge, these people gorge and find themselves losing control over the amount of food they consume. They are the people who suffer from the binge-eating disorder. (Fairburn, 1995) What is Binge-Eating Disorder? Binge-eating disorder is a common illness that faced†¦show more content†¦They also tend to consume a lot of what we call ‘fattening foods, foods that carry the social stigma of ‘junk or ‘bad foods, such as ice cream, cookies, sweets, potato chips, and other snacks (Wardlaw Smith, 2006). Studies have shown too, that people with binge-eating disorder consume significantly more meat than (those) without binge-eating disorder. (Cooke et al, 1996) As can be gathered from these food choices, and was scientifically tested, people with binge-eating disorder consume a greater percentage of energy as fat, and a lesser percentage of as protein than those without this eating disorder (Yanovski et al, 1992). Each of these factors can lead to unhealthy weight gain, which explains the commonness of obesity among bingers. Apart from obesity, patients with binge-eating disorder are also generally poor in health. They are reported to have poorer functioning and lower scores on all six scales of the General Health Survey. (Bulik Kjennerud, 2003) Findings go on to show that there is an increased prevalence of joint pain, headaches, gastrointestinal problems, menstrual problems, shortness of breath, chest pain, and Type II diabetes among them. (Bulik Kjennerud, 2003) Bingers also suffer from sleeping problems; Statistics show that they are seven times more likely to experience sleeping difficulties than thoseShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders And The Binge Eating Disorder1578 Words   |  7 PagesBinge Eating â€Å"My heart beat faster, and I began taking bigger and bigger bites. In a matter of minutes, I had eaten two more pieces of pecan pie, two pieces of cherry pie, six Christmas cookies, ten chocolate candies, then a bowlful of cereal. While I was eating, I felt as though an intruder had taken over my body. But when I finished the last bowl, my senses returned a little and I felt the first agonizing twinge of guilt for what I had done. I felt like I was in a dream. I still couldn’t quiteRead MoreBinge Eating Disorder And Obesity1248 Words   |  5 PagesBinge eating disorder, also known as BED or compulsive overeating, is a serious disorder that is characterized by a recurrent, irresistible urge to overindulge or binge on food even when you are painfully full. We reveal how and why it becomes a problem, and what you can do about it. It is normal to overeat from time to time, but when it comes to binge eating, the urge is persistent and seemingly uncontrollable, and is usually accompanied by feelings of shame and guilt. Binge eating disorder, justRead MoreBinge Eating Disorder ( Bed )1245 Words   |  5 PagesBinge eating disorder (BED) is an eating disorder that is characterized by recurrent binge eating, without the use of compensatory behaviors such as purging, as seen in those with bulimia (Striegel-Moore Franko, 2003). Anyone can over eat from time to time, it is excessive and out of control overeating that crosses the line towards BED. Those who binge eat are known to have a variety of health problems, both mentally and physically. The chronic, recurrent bingeing associated with BED has beenRead MoreBinge Eating Disorder ( Bed )1453 Words   |  6 PagesBinge Eating Disorder Binge eating disorder (BED) is a psychiatric condition characterized by the consumption of large quantities of food in a specific amount of time, and feeling out of control while eating. BED also involves feelings of guilt and shame after binging but is not accompanied by compensatory behaviors, such as purging or vomiting. Binge eating is described by â€Å"eating at a fast pace, eating until feeling uncomfortably full, eating when not feeling hungry, eating alone to hide the amountRead MoreBinge Eating Disorder Essay examples939 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, binge eating is defined as uncontrolled compulsive eating, especially as a symptom of bulimia or binge eating disorder(BED). Individuals, who suffer from a (BED), usually, consume, abnormally large amounts of food, quickly. The condition causes sufferers to eat until they are painfully full. we live in a society that accepts encourages overindulging . Therefore, there are probably several occasions on which we eat more than we shouldRead MoreEffects Of Binge Eating On Eating Disorders969 Words   |  4 PagesPurging Disorder is characterized by recurrent purging (self -induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas) to control weight or shape in the absence of binge eating episodes. (Forney, Haedt-Matt, Keel, 2014) There are many behaviors associated with purging disorder such as binge eating which leads to loss of control, or overeating in anorexia nervosa. (Goldschmidt et al., 2015) Sociocultural and psychiatric fac tors are also believed to be important in the subject of weight concernsRead MoreCauses And Treatments Of Binge Eating Disorder922 Words   |  4 Pagessound fun to you? Life is difficult without having an eating disorder. Growing up eating everything I could get my hands on caused health problems for me now that I am older. Binge eating and anorexia are serious eating disorders that cause physical, behavioral, and psychological problems. The most common disorder is binge eating. Binge eating disorder (BED) is consuming large quantities of food in a short period of time. People find that over eating is a comfort zone for them. The problems AmericansRead MoreBinge Eating Disorder ( Bed )913 Words   |  4 PagesThe three nationally recognized eating disorders are identified as Bulimia Nervosa, Anorexia Nervosa, and Binge-Eating Disorder. Eating disorders, although stereotypically viewed as a lifestyle choice, is a serious and often fatal illness that not only cause severe eating disturbances, but adverse psychological and physiological environments for the individual (National Institute of Mental Health, 2006). These disorders typically develop in the mid-to-late teen years and often carry out into earlyRead MoreBinge Eating Disorder ( Bed )1948 Words   |  8 PagesBinge Eating disorder (BED) is another wised specified eating disorder disease, it is a serious condition characterised by uncontrollable eating, with t he result of weight gain. Regular episode of binge eating are one of the most important symptoms, in fact, patient with BED usually consume a lot amount of food even if there are not hungry. Regular weight control methods or to be on diets are not typical behaviours, as well the purging by vomiting or using of laxatives. The absence of these symptomsRead MoreBinge Eating Disorder ( Bed )2041 Words   |  9 PagesBinge Eating disorder (BED) is another wide specified eating disorder disease, it is a serious condition characterised by uncontrollable eating which leads to weight gain in people (Argas al., 1997). They are regular episodes of BED, and the most important symptoms you often find in patients is consuming a lot of food regardless of if they are hungry or not, they also tend to watch their weight by dieting, as well as vomiting or using laxatives. The absence of purging by vomiting or using laxatives

Morrie Character Analysis - 786 Words

1. List at least three of Morrie’s aphorisms (sayings). Love is the only rational act, aging isn’t just decay ya know, it’s growth, and love always wins. 2. How or when does Morrie experience any of Kubler-Ross’s five stages of greif? Name at least two examples and explain what stage It is. †¢ Before everyone wakes up, Morrie gets angry and bitter about his ALS. He asks where the fairness is, and cries in disbelief. This is an example of the anger stage of the Kubler-Ross cycle, where an individual will experience frustration and irritation. †¢ Morrie told Mitch that â€Å"When you’re in bed, you’re dying† this was his way of bargaining. As long as Morrie wasn’t in bed, he wasn’t dying. This is an example of the bargaining stage. 3. Notice†¦show more content†¦Notice the words. How do they fit Morrie’s situation? â€Å"I see your face in every flower† and â€Å"Your eyes in stars above† these lyrics relate to Morrie’s situation with the loss of his mother and father. Morrie’s mother died when he was relatively young due to an illness, while his father died after running away from thieves. His memories of them are shallow, but he is able to see their faces in everyday objects, such as flowers and stars. 7. To the very end, Mitch arrives at Morrie’s house with food. Discuss the importance of this ritual. Mitch knows that ALS has taken control over Morrie’s body, hindering his ability to dance. Food, however, is one of Morrie’s favorite hobbies and Mitch brings him it to relive the days of them eating together at Brandeis. 8. Mitch asks Morrie how he would spend a day if for that one day he could have perfect health. What do you think of his response? I believe his response shows his true character. He mentions food being a big factor, having his friends with him, and dancing the night away with his partner. These are the things that Morrie cherished most in his life. 9. Name one scene that is most memorable to you from the movie. What makes this scene stand out in your mind? At the beginning of the movie, Morrie is eating while speed-walking through Brandeis and then proceeds to dance the night away at â€Å"Dance Free.† This scene stands out to me because it shows Morrie’s true character and what he enjoyed doing. 10. Imagine aShow MoreRelatedTuesdays With Morrie Character Analysis707 Words   |  3 Pagesafraid to show their emotions? In the book Tuesdays with Morrie, there is a man named Morrie who teaches people to be more open rather than afraid to give their love to others, and to be able to receive ones outgoing love. Morrie teaches Mitch showing his emotions is natural and it’s what every living thing does. Morrie tells his student Mitch â€Å"The most important thing in life is to learn how to give out love, and let love come in.†(Albom 53) Morrie says â€Å"people should not be scared or nervous to showRead MoreTuesdays with Morrie Essay1074 Words   |  5 PagesTuesdays with Morrie, uses plot and story, character development, point of view, theme, and symbols to convey his mesage. Include your personal thoughts and views, as well as textual references, to support your opinions. In Mitch Albom’s Tuesday’s with Morrie, Albom detailed his personal experiences with his professor Morrie Schwartz. Mitch also expressed how influential Morrie was to his friends, relatives, patients, and coworkers. Within this essay, the plot and story, character developmentRead MoreThe Reality Effect By Roland Barthes921 Words   |  4 Pagesassumption to think a detail is just a part of moving the novel along. Roland Barthes, an esteemed literary critic, elaborates on this conclusion in his essay â€Å"The Reality Effect†, arguing the most superfluous details have a significant impact on the analysis of a piece of literature and that these small details are essential to a modern work of literature .The seemingly insignificant details could be overlooked, however, it is what makes the setting and actions within a work of literature appear to beRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Tuesdays With Morrie999 Words   |  4 PagesTuesdays with Morrie Synthesis and An alysis Tuesdays with Morrie is a memoir written by Mitch Albom that documents his last thesis with his old college sociology professor, Morrie Schwartz. The story captures the compassion and wisdom that Morrie represents, but as he slowly contracts a disease known as ALS, his time is about to run out. It isn’t until 16 years later when Mitch sees his old professor being interviewed on ABC’s Nightline that this begins to change. Mitch was a student to Morrie SchwartzRead MoreTuesdays with Morrie: a Critical Analysis Essay993 Words   |  4 PagesTuesdays with Morrie Critical Analysis Essay In an effort to share the â€Å"last class† he had with his college sociology professor, Mitch Album wrote, â€Å"Tuesdays with Morrie.† This moving account of the life lessons that Morrie taught him is a beautiful tribute to a man whose compassion and love for humanity made him a favorite among those who knew him. Though stricken with the debilitating disease ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) and knowing death was swiftly approaching Morrie continued toRead MoreReview Of Tuesdays With Morrie By Morrie907 Words   |  4 PagesReview of Tuesdays with Morrie Initial Reaction The purpose of this paper is to review the video of Tuesdays with Morrie. The video focuses on a relationship between a graduated college student named Mitch, and his professor, Morrie. Morrie is diagnosed with ALS and is progressively getting worse. Mitch is a busy sports writer who makes little time for anyone in his life. Mitch has not seen Morrie for several years and learns of his fate on an evening news interview. Mitch finds the courage to visitRead More Comparing Mitch Alboms Tuesdays with Morrie and Leo Tolstoys The Death of Ivan Ilych3773 Words   |  16 PagesAlboms Tuesdays with Morrie and Leo Tolstoys The Death of Ivan Ilych One story is distinctively American in its optimism and characteristic of the 1990s in its tone; the other shows the unmistakable disposition of nineteenth century Russia. The more recent book follows the actual life of a sociology professor at Brandeis University while the other explores a product of Leo Tolstoys imagination. Tuesdays with Morrie and The Death of Ivan Ilych portray two characters who sit on opposite endsRead MoreTuesdays With Morrie Film Analysis1757 Words   |  8 Pages This paper will examine the following; the description of Loss, Grief / Bereavement faced by the main character from the film, an indebt analysis of defined concepts/examples, theories and models connected with the main character, as illustrated in the film, the summary/developmental issues of loss, grief/bereavement, the distinction of common, normal and anticipatory grief, different stages/models of grief, cultural response to grief, the application of relevant theoretical

Practices Using Media Recruitment Strategy â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Is The Role Of Responsibility And Authority In Administration? Are Administrators Implementing Tasks Well Minus Ability (Authority)? Can An Administrator Assume Responsibility With Collective Or No Ability (Authority)? Answers: Introduction This examination fuses the management parts, i.e., the authority and furthermore responsibility. Both the authority and the responsibility are interconnected with one and other (Ansgar Diana, 2011). In case we give the responsibility to the one individual, by then it is moreover basic to give the responsibility to that individual by and large the endeavor will not be done. Authority is said to be as giving the solicitations to the following individual while responsibility is a dedication on the most capable strategy to play out the particular commitment. Responsibility and authority move upwards and sliding. The test here or the examination relies upon how the chiefs perform or fulfill their errand without giving the authority. The commitments can be allocated or can be shared among them yet without giving authority how they can complete the given errand. This examination consolidates the examination inquiries in light of which this investigation has been done. This examination or think furthermore talks about what is a piece of the authority and the responsibility in an affiliation (Aula, 2010). Justification According to Aurlie et al. (2014), bosses affect every modern organization. Managers in charge of sales sustain an occupational ambition that offers distinctive items. Staff boss gives companies a gifted and beneficial team. Plant bosses or manager oversee processes. The general populace may perhaps not be existent nor upgrade lacking a steady flow of executives to control its companies. The extraordinary management guru popularly known as Drucker stressed this as the powerful administration is apparently the essential reserve of developed nations and a required reserve for rising nations. Primarily, every collective application, paying little heed to whether industrialized or developing, require a lot of good administrators. Literature Review Authority is termed as the power as to give the solicitations and even get it obeyed or we can in like manner say that it is the capacity to take the particular decisions. Responsibility suggests being at risk or in charge of dedication, commitment, trust. Alternatively, then again, responsibility is said to be the dedication as to complete the work on given time and in a perfect way. Authority and the responsibility are the terms which go as an indistinguishable unit. In case one needs their work to be done legitimately, by then it is basic to dole out the authority to the one as to fulfill or meet obligations. Responsibility and authority assume a critical part in an association. Authority is the correct administrator may have as to accomplish the specific authoritative objectives or targets. On the off chance that full authority is not given to the administrator, at that point possibly they are not prepared to do their work suitably. Authority in like manner ensures the accomplishment of the errands. Authority is one of the instruments of the easygoing or formal affiliations. Every affiliation needs an authority to give orders, for essential administration and to give the bearings to their subordinates. Responsibility, however, is the sense of duty regarding play out the commitments in an ideal way. In responsibility, the endeavor must be performed in dedication. Responsibility constantly begins from the prevalent. One must understand that the responsibility cannot be assigned. The person who is accountable for its work to the proprietor is likewise responsible to that individual (Binod Devi, 2013). These days a great difficulty for the administrators in an association is to deal with the representatives in every one of the offices deprived of an expert. Some representatives at the work environment neglect to satisfy their assignments. There can be sure explanations for it that why they will not have the capacity to report specifically to the venture supervisor. Infrequently the workers neglect to finish their undertakings on time because of its dread they do not answer to the administrators (David Russell, 2014). Regardless of the possibility that the association paid completely to their representatives notwithstanding when they are not completely dedicated to the association. It is vital to construct the trust on the off chance that one needs to make its work done. Commonly individuals do resolve to finish the assignment on time however when the time comes they will not have the capacity to do as such. In this way, to lessen it a manager gives both the authority and additiona lly the responsibility to the individual. There are many individuals in associations those do not have the authority yet may have the specific duties with them. Nowadays this is one of the greatest tests looked by the chiefs because of the outsourcing, compliment structure of associations and the virtual groups. Because these days the supervisors endeavor to complete things from outside and interior of organizations. Because of the high rivalry, it has turned out to be important to acquire some change the associations. These days' new kind of the organizations has been come up. Workers have some of the capacities now, and again it winds up plainly troublesome for the chiefs to face such abilities. Associations must pass examinations first before giving authority and responsibility to any individual that who is the best individual in the association to whom the quantity of the representatives or colleagues may visit to get some solid counsel. Without giving the authority, the chiefs must request that their representatives sha re their duties regarding the better work. If they share their work, it will require the less investment to finish the errand (Eyun?Jung Linda, 2012). Present day associations are continually endeavoring to fuse a humanistic approach to keep their workers glad. Authoritative conduct is enormously influenced by changes that happen inside the organization. One that is viewed as most essential is that of the progressions in authoritative structures. The old method for getting things done with bureaucratic models have offered an approach to present day models utilizing venture and grid plans. Each association has destinations and objectives that it endeavors to accomplish. Keeping in mind the end goal to do as such, the general population in the association must cooperate. The exercises of each of these people are separated by authority-responsibility connections. As per Farhad Akram (2012), these connections are frequently framed on the premise of the activity chain of importance. An association is a gathering of people that are separated into various levels of authority and sections in light of the forte for the goal of accomplishing the objectives and destinations that have been set by the association. At the point when goals are set up for these gatherings, a procedure is accustomed to distinguishing and gathering the work that will be performed. Responsibility and authority parts are additionally characterized and appointed while connections are set up with the end goal of empowering the general population to work most successfully together. Organization of a successful association decides the objectives that the organization in general endeavors toward a profitable objective. Associations frequently advance out of a need clear, very much characterized framework or structure, that enables individuals to execute their work obligations. This structure encourages representatives to identify with each other, compose their exercises, and accomplish the objectives or goals that have been set by the association. It limits perplexity, keeps up a perfect domain and amplifies viability (Jackson, 2011). Methodology In this part, the examination framework used as a piece of the examination is portrayed. The topographical locale where the examination was driven, the examination design and the people and test are depicted. A quantitative approach was taken after. Jay et al. (2011) describe quantitative research as a formal, objective, ponder methodology to depict and test associations and investigates conditions and final products relationship among factors. Audits may be used for designs, useful and exploratory research. An expressive investigation setup was used. A review is used to assemble one of a kind data for depicting a people excessively broad, making it impossible to observe particularly. An outline gets information from an example of people by techniques for self-report, that is, the overall public responds to a movement of request posed by the authority. In this examination, the information was assembled through self-guided surveys scattered eventually to the subjects by the analyst. A drawing in the audit was picked since it gives a correct delineation or record of the characteristics, for example, lead, suppositions, limits, feelings, and data of a particular individual, condition or assembling. This diagram has met the objectives of the examination, to be particular to choose the learning and viewpoints of respondents concerning the management agenda. As indicated by Johan Alistair (2017), a population is portrayed as all segments (individuals, articles, and events) that meet the example criteria for consolidation in an examination. The examination people included all managers. A supportive example of subjects was picked. Mouton describes an example as parts picked with the objective of finding something about the total people from which they are taken. A worthwhile illustration includes subjects consolidated into the examination since they happen to be in the perfect place at the perfect time. The sample (specimen) included 32 managers. Accessible subjects were included in the examination until the point when a specimen estimate was realized. Subjects who met the example criteria were distinguished by the researcher. The example size of 32 managers was the aggregate of subjects who were ready to partake in the research and who met the examining criteria amid the half-year time of information gathering. Findings The approach we will take after for information accumulation will particularly shape the auxiliary sources, that is, from the organization's sites, corporate administration exercises related information is accessible on the web. Despite the fact that the advancement of the reasoning of writing is being gathered through, magazines, diaries, web sources were the source of secondary data. This part delineates the examination of data taken from a trade of the exploration revelations. The revelations relate to the exploration tends to that guided the examination. Data was cut up to recognize, delineate and examine the association amongst authority and responsibility of managers at that point choose the necessity for ceaseless preparing in this setting. Data were obtained from self-controlled surveys or polls, wrapped up by 32 managers (n=32), a 43% response rate. Tolerating that solitary segment of the total masses of 394 managers in different organizations may prompt a legitimate conclusion. This is moreover supported by the way that a little segment of the specialists in this present business has non-managerial posts, for example, they may be locked in with supervisory, appropriate in addition to clerical roles. An aggregate of 22 surveys was gotten, be that as it may, just 93 polls were usable for this examination and met the required joining criteria as discussed in the past part. This addressed 43% of the ordinary masses. Neither the reasons for the refusal to take a premium nor the characteristics of the non-respondents are known, the usually low response to outlines about death may be a fragmented illumination for the low response rate in this examination. Of whatever is left of the 24 studies respected unusable, 15 respondents did not complete the survey in that no less than two subsections of the overviews were avoided. Nine respondents declared that they had not experienced authoritative management in the latest a half year, and therefore did not meet the consolidation criteria for this examination. The descriptive examination was used to recognize frequencies and rates to answer most of the request in the overview. Not all respondents tended to most of the request. Thus, rates point by point identify with the total number of managers taking note of the individual request. The quantifiable centrality of associations among picked factors was set out to use the Fishers adjustment test. The level of criticalness was at 0.04. Discussion Researchers such as Ki-Hoon Stefan (2014) characterize 'authority' as the legitimate and formal right of the administrator or manager or any of the best level officials, of the association to summon subordinates, give them requests, guidelines and headings, and access dutifulness. The director is qualified for deciding, concerning execution or non-execution of an errand in a specific way, to fulfill hierarchical goals. It includes a few consents and the privilege to represent the association in a specific territory. Authority is determined by the righteousness of the position of a person in the association, and the level of authority is most extreme at the best level and reductions as we go down the progressive corporate system. Subsequently, it streams start to finish, offering authority to better finished the subordinate. One cannot involve a prevalent position in an association if he does not have any authority. Authority recognizes one position from that of another and vests the ability to the concerned individual, to arrange his subordinates and acquire important consistency (Kim et al., 2013). On the other hand, responsibility is the commitment of an individual, regardless of whether an administrator or some other worker of the association to do the undertaking or obligation allotted to him by the senior. The person who acknowledges the errand is considered in charge of their execution, i.e., at the point when a representative makes the responsibility of a move, in the meantime, he winds up plainly in charge of its outcomes as well. The commitment is the piece of responsibility. It is started from the prevalent subordinate relationship, framed in an association. Thus, the administrator can complete the errands from his subordinates, by the goodness of their relationship, as the subordinate will undoubtedly play out the undertakings appointed. The principal premises of an interpretive perspective are unique about those that help much management studies. Similarly, as the supposition of a sanctioned domain infers an alternate part for administrators, an interpretive perspective proposes an alternate concentration of consideration for the individuals who look into the subject of management. One reason for such work is to energize a more educated, more intelligent, more unsure routine with regards to the association. From an interpretive point of view, vital management comprises of those procedures through which examples of "association" and "condition" are made, maintained, and improved. Interpretive inquiries inspect the methodologic analysis of sorting out procedures (Liwen Jingkun, 2015). It plans to make unequivocal the information (regularly underestimated, however untested) by which association individuals translate their circumstance and investigate the different, frequently contending, frameworks of learning existing inside a circumstance. The cause-impact rationale is shunned for an examination of the tenets that individuals take after, individuals' purposes behind their demonstrations and the implications individuals engage in occasions. Regular key management research has gone under expanding feedback halfway because this exploration begins from a rationalistic mode of the vital arranging procedure. Faultfinders recommend that this traditional model cannot represent the way that procedures get planned. Pundits have offered some observational confirmation to help these cases. Specialists whine that a great part of the research is not authoritatively valuable. An interpretive way to deal with key research in management is particularly touchy to the worries forwarded through such faultfinders because interpretive examinations endeavor to be close to understanding the data. Luciane Reinaldo (2013) agrees that a significant quality which recognizes an interpretative way of dealing with key administration study are; An interpretative study of a business or association is completed from the perspective of the members. Instead of searching for a good point of view on a firm or industry, the interpretative study discovers what the policymakers were pondering, why these policymakers went about as they did, and the expected outcome. Interpretative examinations try to comprehend the thoughts of the policymakers and exercises at an individual point, add up to the bits of knowledge. The interpretative examination enquires the existence of the strategist (Madia, 2011). Interpretative studies grasp the various points of view inside any composed circumstance. Rather than trying to join the opposite points of view of various entertainers into a singular target illumination, an interpretative study sees that refinements are key for understanding essential movement and indispensable change (McManus, 2011). For instance, an interpretative examination of the steel business would not be finished solely from the standard perspective of a conglomerate of steelmakers in a particular country. An interpretative examination would start using a mindful charting of the present relationship of the steel business. The purpose of this examination is to watch the courses where the diverse social occasions reacted, acted, then related to conveying the condition that is existent at present. Here, a view that an affiliation acclimates to its condition offers a course to need to contemplate the confounding moving cases and setup of an affiliation that make up an industry. Concluding Remarks From this paper, we can infer that formal authority resembles a two-sided coin it has its good and bad times. Likewise, formal authority relies upon a considerable measure of the circumstance and the association. Small companies may locate that formal authority does not suit them while bigger associations may locate that formal authority is more qualified for them. In the meantime, bigger associations that have strict principles on organization arrangements may locate that formal authority clashes their destinations. Each chief is one of a kind consequently formal authority might be required by a few managers to perform well though managers with solid administration qualities might have the capacity to perform well even without formal authority as they normally have the regard and support of representatives. Formal authority can be thought of as the privilege to order or propel someone else to play out a specific demonstration. Power is the capacity to impact or make a man play out a demonstration. It is workable for a director to have formal authority without control, similarly as it is feasible for a subordinate to have control without formal authority. The refinement between these terms might be huge for the supervisor, who may accept that his formal authority naturally gives him control however ignore the way that his subordinates additionally have control, on occasion more prominent than his own. The administrator in such a circumstance can experience troublesome and disappointing encounters without knowing why. The regular perspective of the initiative, formal and casual, can be viewed as a perplexed blend of authority and management. References Ansgar J. Thiessen Diana J. Ingenhoff. (2011). Safeguarding reputation through strategic, integrated and situational crisis communication management: Development of the integrative model of crisis communication. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 16(1), 8-26. Aula, P. K. (2010). Social media, reputation risk and ambient publicity management. Strategy Leadership, 38(6), 43-49. Aurlie Girard, Bernard Fallery, Florence Rodhain. (2014). Integration of Social Media in Recruitment: A Delphi Study. In M. R.-L. Tanya Bondarouk, Advanced Series in Management (pp. 97-120). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Binod K. Shrestha and Devi R. Gnyawali. (2013). Insights on strategic management practices in Nepal. South Asian Journal of Global Business Research, 2(2), 191-210. David Giles Russell Yates. (2014). Enabling educational leaders: qualitatively surveying an organization's culture. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 94-106. Eyun?Jung Ki, Linda C. Hon. (2012). Causal linkages among relationship quality perception, attitude, and behavior intention in a membership organization. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 17(2). Farhad A. and Akram S. (2012). Strategic management: the case of NGOs in Palestine. Management Research Review, 35(6), 473-489. Jackson, C. (2011). Communication skills and accounting: do perceptions match reality? Strategic Direction, 27(2). Jay M., Abubakar Y A, Sagagi M. (2011). Knowledge creation and human capital for development: the role of graduate entrepreneurship. Education + Training, 53(5), 462-479. Johan G. and Alistair R. A. (2017). Entrepreneurship and context: when entrepreneurship is greater than entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research, 23(2), 267-278. Ki-Hoon Lee, Stefan J. Schaltegger. (2014). Organizational transformation and higher sustainability management education: The case of the MBA Sustainability Management. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 15(4), 450-472. Kim MacKenzie, Sherrena Buckby, Helen Irvine. (2013). Business research in virtual worlds: possibilities and practicalities. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 352-373. Liwen Tan, Jingkun Ding. (2015). The frontier and evolution of the strategic management theory: A scientometric analysis of Strategic Management Journal, 2001-2012. Nankai Business Review International, 6(1), 20-41. Luciane Reginato and Reinaldo Guerreiro. (2013). Relationships between environment, culture, and management control systems. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 219-240. Madia, S. A. (2011). Best practices for using social media as a recruitment strategy. Strategic HR Review, 19-24. McManus, J. (2011). Revisiting ethics in strategic management. Corporaate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 11(2), 214-223. Pederzini, G. D. (2016). Strategic management cultures: historical connections with science. Journal of Management History, 22(2), 214-235. Rothaermel, F. T. (2013). Internal Analysis: Resources, Capabilities, and Activities. In F. T. Rothaermel, Strategic Management Concepts Cases. Mc-Graw Hil. Satish K. Mittal, Rajesh Pillania. (2014). Business Research in India. Journal of Management Development, 68-74. Timothy Galpin , J. Lee Whitttington , Greg Bell. (2015). Is your sustainability strategy sustainable? Creating a culture of sustainability. Corporate Governance, 15(1), 1-17.

Market Plan Obstacles free essay sample

Online Marketing Management Kathryn Tvorik Wk1-Ex2 Review the major obstacles to developing and implementing marketing plans listed in Exhibit 2. 4. Select three of these obstacles and explain why they can be obstacles and how these obstacles can be overcome. Inadequate communication, inadequate information, and lack of understanding customers are the three obstacles that I thought would be the biggest concern for any corporation. One critical aspect of the marketing plan is its ability to communication to colleagues, particularly top managers who look to the marketing plan for an explanation of the marketing strategy, as well as for justification of needed resources, like the marketing budget (Ferrell amp; Hartline, 2011 pg. 48). The marketing plan also communicates to line managers and other employees by giving those points of references to chart the process of marketing implementation (Ferrell amp; Hartline, 2011 pg. 48). This obstacle can be easily overcome by implement a chain of line communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Plan Obstacles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rather than having only communication directed in one direction but have the lines of communication open on both ends. Management may pass on a certain task that needs to be performed but the employees are unable to honor the directive given to them for a certain reason. With the ability to relay the message back to the manager immediately, the appropriate actions could be taken to resolve the situation. Inadequate information I feel should be higher than what the graph estimated. Inadequate information leads to market failure because consumers make decisions which do not maximize satisfaction. For example, say that a used car lot is selling a 2003 Ford Explorer. The seller might not divulge the disadvantages that the vehicle may have because it will hinder the chance of it selling. The consumer will not acknowledge the faults of the vehicle, thinking that they received a fantastic bargain. The deal is complete and the new owner of the vehicle breaks down 5 miles from the car lot. The consumer realizes that they got less than what they paid for. Inadequate information can also lead to the overconsumption of demerit goods or under consumption of merit goods. Mutually will lead to allocated inefficiency because too many rare resources are being used on the previous, and too few rare resources are being used in the end. This obstacle can be overcome by simply being honest with the customer or consumer and having good ethics. If that fails the consumer can take it upon themself to research the product, service or company in which they are interested in purchasing. Lack of understanding customers can be a big obstacle in the marketing plan. Introduction a product to the market without knowing the customers’ needs and wants will surly end in disaster. If a successful company such as Lowes decided to open a store in China it would more than likely fail. The reason is because it did not understand the Chinese customer background. Lowes works in the United States because of the high labor rate and has a big do-it-yourself attitude that leads people to tackle projects or even major renovations without the help of a professional. China on the other hand, has a low cast labor and the mentality is to pay someone to complete the work. This obstacle can be resolved by simple researching the customer before moving forward in the marketing plan. Look for other options that might cater to their needs. Luxury items and western style living arrangements are the fastest growing demands in the Chinese market. If Lowes decided to open a store in China, make sure that it wasn’t a do-it-yourself style but rather a company that carries high end products for the consumer to purchase and have installed by someone else.

Importance Of Conservation And Preservation In Malaysia Tourism Essay Essay Example

Importance Of Conservation And Preservation In Malaysia Tourism Essay Essay Introduction Conservation and environmental protection are really of import in Malaysia. Environment stabilisation and keeping to guarantee that Malaysia create protection country for zoology and vegetations such as constitution of national Parkss. It is because input from natures resources are of import to economic. While environmental quality on the other manus is productive plus for society. Tropical natures are one of the of import assets to tourism sector of a state. As a state with equator clime, Malaysia has alone natures and island row. Recently, Malaysia started move frontward to go a developed state. Assorted sectors which become function theoretical account in order in development schemes for illustration industrial sector, agribusiness and touristry. Through touristry sector, Malaysia have introduced some natural topographic point which become focal point point for tourer as their diversion topographic point for the intent to kill their clip and for gratifying activities for illustration at national park, forest modesty and islands. Therefore, Malaysia afford make touristry sector as a major beginning of returns if the natures beauty can be ever maintained. At the same clip, touristry industry has betterment and turning clearly show that Malaysia has alone attraction. Besides that, multi racial people with different cultural stay peace in one state do Malaysia g o more alone and more attract outside tourer reaching and this is a beginning of net income for the state. Therefore cultural diverseness and humanistic disciplines is cardinal determiner in attract tourers. Table 1.1: Number of arrival harmonizing to nationality Sarawak Year Nationality 2004 2005 We will write a custom essay sample on Importance Of Conservation And Preservation In Malaysia Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Importance Of Conservation And Preservation In Malaysia Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Importance Of Conservation And Preservation In Malaysia Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Malaya 2,092,704 2,248,829 Singapore 40,329 42,912 Australia and New Zealand 30,403 28,066 Canada 11,310 9.062 Hong Kong 1,100 593 India 12,924 12,426 United Kingdom and Ireland 44,267 42,136 Brunei 1,280,135 1,354,148 America 10,973 11,207 China 11,768 11,207 West Europe 19,268 18,729 East Europe 992 1,355 Filipina 104,341 101,521 Dutch east indies 379,477 449,327 Japan 10,245 9,142 Taiwan 8,283 7,472 Siam 17,189 17,994 Others 258,183 198,704 Entire 4,333,891 4,577,489 ( Beginning: Immigration Department, Sarawak ) Table 1.2: Number of arrival harmonizing to province Sarawak Tahun State 2004 2005 Kuching 779,135 859,320 Sibu 127,454 166,018 Abor 311,445 332,669 Bintulu 41,032 73,167 Limbang 243,762 238,465 Entire 4,333,891 1,669,639 ( Beginning: Immigration Department, Sarawak ) Apart from that, substructure installations is one of the factor of tourer reaching. It is because tourers will necessitate comfort and seek consolation when visit to a state. For illustration, many tourers who come to the Malaysia is to bask scenic beauty of the natures and the unique of cultural diverseness. So the comfortable of adjustment such as hotel, chalet and so on as a factor to pull tourist reaching. Accommodation installation drama of import function cause this will be a factor to find whether tourer will remain long or otherwise. Sarawak is the biggest province in Malaysia which celebrated with rich of assorted cultural groups of civilization and rich in history and heritage and besides known as Land of Hornbills. Sarawak non merely the largest province in Malaysia, it besides was the province that divide to a batch country and contain longest river in Malaysia, largest flower in the universe, largest moth in the universe, widen cave in the universe, oldest tropical rain forest and the first individual emerge in Southeast Asian available in Sarawak. This had show that Sarawak is alone and typical. Diversion topographic point in Sarawak consist of natural position country and cultural centres such as Sarawak Cultural Village. Sarawak Cultural Village popular with natural beauty among local and oversea tourers. The rich of ecology, biological and tradition in Sarawak Cultural Village truly astonishing. Therefore, attempts was being improved towards preserve ecology diverseness, biological and tradition in Cultural Village. It is because cultural diverseness and tradition of the local people able to pull a batch of tourers visit to this land of hornbills. Sarawak province so rich with assorted type of civilization and cultural such as Malay dance, Chinese and others ethnic in Sarawak which able to entertain tourer particularly those tourer that like to see community life in Sarawak. Since cultural small town started unfastened to see, so indirectly exist harm and pollution hazard to the natures and beauty scene. Therefore, cultural small town have to be preserve scenic beauty and traditional abode from threatened by homo. Sarawak Cultural Village Background Sarawak Cultural Village located at Damai Beach Santubong and about 35km from the province capital Kuching town and dubbed as life museum in Sarawak. Sarawak Cultural Village besides become a finish must be visited for those who first measure to Land of Hornbills. This life museum officially opened since February 1990. This life museum consists seven hectares broad and about 150 people populating in the small town which include seven cultural group viz. Bidayuh, Iban, Orang Ulu, Penan, Melanau, Malay and Chinese. And each ethnic have their ain life style and traditional civilizations for illustration the edifice of each cultural is different, longhouse of the Iban, Bidayuh and Orang Ulu, Melanau live at tall house while Chinese is farm house. Apart from that, the entryway fees to Sarawak Cultural Village show as Table 1.3. Table 1.3: Entrance Fees Entrance fees Class Sarawak citizen Not Sarawak Citizen Adult RM25 RM60 Children ( between 6-12 of age ) RM18 RM30 Student RM15 RM15 ( Beginning: Sarawak Cultural Village ) Figure1.1: Sarawak Cultural Village Location ( Sumber: Malaxi Damai Beach ) Cultural Bidayuh known as Dayak Darat achieve 8.4 per centums out of entire population in Sarawak. Majority cultural Bidayug stay in long house that located nearby incline of mountain and besides nearby river. Their house are made from board and bamboo with sago thenar roof. Tourists can bask long house life style when visit to this topographic point. Iban tribesman known as Laut Dayak which their long house construct built up with big life room and several bed room. This cultural most of import hoarded wealth courage. Every soldier able to kill enemy, will acquire grasp as warrior and greeted with usage dances. Hence, Penan life style is nomad manner means that disfavor stay in a topographic point with long clip. Therefore, their abode size besides rather little size. Apart from that, Orang Ulu like to construct house scattered in upland and river bank. While Melanau house is the most alone among other Sarawak ethnic, it is because their house is build up 40 pess tall from land, chief intent is to forestall onslaught by enemy and inundation. At the same clip, local cultural dance public presentation including Ngajat Lesong and Ngajat Pahlawan, cultural musical public presentation show in Theater Sarawak Cultural Village start from 11.30 oclock in the forenoon to 4.00 oclock in the afternoon, and every public presentation take 45 proceedingss long. Figure 1.2: Entire population with cultural Sarawak 2005 ( Beginning: Jabatan Penduduk dan Perumahan Malaysia ) 1.3 The Important of Conservation and Preservation natural resource and cultural in Malaya Tourist industry depends extremely on natural resources and cultural diverseness which has potency to advance and pull tourer reaching. Natures is one plus that used to pull tourers arrival to see beauty and feel new experience. Awareness on the of import of preserve natures in assorted degree ( authorities sector, private sector and society ) for constitution of several protected country. Establish Sarawak Cultural Village is one of the attack that used to do certain the topographic point that rich of ecology diverseness, biological and cultural heritage preserved and preserve for future coevals cause by clip base on balls. Since Sarawak Cultural Village unfastened visit to tourist in twelvemonth 1990, cultural small town record around 70,000 people visit per twelvemonth. Tourists get benefit while visit to cultural small town including position natures scenic, cultural heritage and handcraft and do assorted diversion activities and every bit good as research and acquisition besides. So their entry capable addition economic growing and besides Kuching capital development from the return of the cultural small town. Indirectly, cultural small town set up economic chances to society such as occupation chance, income degree and others Fieldss. At the same clip, touristry growing in Sarawak due to act upon development at that country. Therefore society nearby can bask high quality of substructure and installations. 1.4 Problem Statement General know that the beauty of natural scenic and rich of assorted tradition cultural drama different of import function and map. Conservation and keeping cultural small town concept need betterment but it involves high cost. Therefore, entrepreneur cultural small town enforce a entrance payment rate around RM60 for grownup non Sarawak citizen for the preservation and keeping intent. Harmonizing to policy shapers particularly authorities, whatever determination on resource use require information related cost and benefit. For illustration, preservation and keeping attempt, authorities require information about cost and benefit to do a determination whether executable or non. So, the issue is the benefit value from preservation and keeping could non be valued in finance signifier. That is, benefit value from the preservation and keeping merely can gauge in quantitative with utilizing construct Willingness To Pay ( WTP ) . The value of WTP on entryway fees to cultural small town typified their willingness pay apart from purpose enjoy recreational installation but besides preservation and keeping plan. Evaluation preservation and keeping plan divide to two facet viz. direct usage value and indirect usage value. Direct use value consists goods and services such as natural scenery and traditional dances of assorted tribesman. Indirect use value could non be valued in market in fact it more focus on ecology and biological science, tribesman abode and diversion protection. Therefore, preservation and keeping create indirect usage value to human and besides natures every bit good. Aim To analyze and gauge WTP value for the intent of preservation and saving Sarawak Cultural Village. To place those factor influence WTP for the cost of saving for air quality, scenic position. Tradition edifice in Sarawak Cultural Village. To analysis the of import of Sarawak Cultural Village to society s tradition Sarawak. To develop scheme to guarantee that keeping convey optimal benefit to society Sarawak. 1.6 Research Scope Data aggregation in this survey is refer to research design which primary informations collected through questionnaire method. Sampling point focal point at country Damai Beach, Santubong, country Sarawak Cultural Village. Entire respondent in this survey around one hundred and will utilize interview method based on nonsubjective survey. Respondent class chosen is single that has worked. Statistical Package for the School Science ( SPSS ) package will be used to reinforced consequence of the survey by looking relationship among each variables. 1.7 The Important of Research Since 1984, touristry industry show possible returns to economic growing. Hence, authorities had develop several program to better and enlargement touristry industry by set up a ministry particularly for cultural touristry able addition this industry by Tourism Development Company to advance and enlarge touristry market, installation betterment has been given for investing in this touristry industry. Investing for adjustment undertakings such as hotel and motel and substructure such as diversion centre and other installations were given innovator position or revenue enhancement inducement to authorities. Indirectly those inducements give growing to the state. Government recommend small town touristry was one of the new effectual option which this development merchandise is based on the natural resources and usage of different cultural. Nowadays, assorted schemes generated by authorities to advance natural touristry and the unique of usage as a new attractive force tourers. Therefore, tourers today more involvement with nature touristry, so authorities drama of import function in preserve and keep the quality of the diversion centre and nature in Malaysia can convey positive growing and give benefit to society every bit good. Besides can advance cultural small town which rich of natural environment, society indirectly besides can acquire the benefit and impact from this touristry scheme. From this surveies, preservation and keeping plan were of import to environment in Malaysia. Environment stabilisation or known as environmental sustainability encourage Malaysia develop more protection country to continue vegetations and zoologies in a certain park or forest. It is because input from natures is of import beginning to economic. While environmental quality on the other manus is productive plus to society. 1.8 Research Organization This undertaking paper will split to five chapters: Chapter 1 discuss about the of import of preservation and saving of the cultural country in Malaysia. Therefore, this survey will publish nonsubjective to accomplish the preservation survey. Apart from that, research range and methodological analysis besides be explained clearly in this chapter. Chapter 2 is portion to increase cognition in the capable country. Besides that, aggregation old surveies from others economic expert research worker as a mentions to place information and thoughts that relevant to this research. Chapter 3 focal points on depicting the associated methodological analysis in the analysis of the contingent rating for preservation and keeping of the Sarawak Cultural Village. Method that will be used is Contingent Valuation Method ( CVM ) . Furthermore, Statistical Package for the School Science ( SPSS ) package will be used to reinforced consequence of the survey by looking relationship among each variables. Besides, assorted trial will be run for the independent and dependent variables. Model will be use in this survey will be explained clearly in this chapter. Type of informations aggregation in this survey is primary informations through questionnaire method. Therefore, trying point focal point at country Damai Beach, Santubong, country Sarawak Cultural Village. Entire respondent in this survey around one hundred and will utilize interview method based on nonsubjective survey. Chapter 4 presents the information analysis consequence of the survey with different trial. Every determination will be elaborated clearly and executing in graph signifier and agenda. Interpretation of consequence will be stated in this subdivision. Chapter 5 is the last chapter in this survey. This chapter would be sum up the survey been discussed and provides information to develop policies and schemes to guarantee preservation and keeping plan on cultural small town continuously so that future coevals have opportunity to bask the benefit and economic value from this preservation.

You Can Stumble But You Wont Fall Religion Essay Example

You Can Stumble But You Wont Fall Religion Essay Example You Can Stumble But You Wont Fall Religion Essay You Can Stumble But You Wont Fall Religion Essay Essay Topic: Everything I Never Told You Things Fall apart The Lord delectations in the manner of the adult male whose stairss he has made house ; though he stumble, he will non fall, for the Lord upholds him with his manus. Doug Wilcox That s Psalm 37:23-24 and this is Word Alive produced by Good News Broadcasting where we take the Bible and use its message to every twenty-four hours life. Hello and welcome. I m Doug Wilcox. Dr. Derek Stringer is our Bible Teacher. He s here once more to learn the subject Fresh Hope . . . That s what God wants to set into each of us. I ll be back from clip to clip, but here s Becky Kelly to state a little more about Derek s subject for today. Becky! Becky Kelly Thankss Doug. . . and allow me add my welcome to Doug s. Dr. Stringer has spoken about How to Have Joy All Year Long and Will You Be Happy Tomorrow? Today, the subject is You Can Stumble But You Wont Fall. That s something we all need to cognize approximately. Doug Wilcox The words of David in Psalm 37 are the focal point, verses 23 and 24. After you listen to what Derek has to state I think that you ll happen yourself utilizing these words to promote the people that you know who were traveling through difficult times. Listen to those poetries once more: The Lord delectations in the manner of the adult male whose stairss he has made house ; though he stumble, he will non fall, for the Lord upholds him with his manus. Over to Derek. Derek Stringer Thankss Doug and Becky. Though he stumble. Some interlingual renditions say, When he falls. Note that it does non state, If he stumbles. There is a large difference between when and if. The latter states a chance ; the former declares a certainty. David understood that all trusters fall finally. We stumble, we lose our manner, we struggle. No 1 is exempt. We all fall sooner or subsequently. It s what happens when we stumble along that makes all the difference. We can sum up the instruction of this text in two simple statements: ( 1 ) God ordains every measure we take-the good and the bad, the happy and the sad, the positive and the negative. The verb made house is really strong in the original Hebrew. It means to set up something so that it has a strong foundation. Proverbs 16:9 Tells us that in his bosom a adult male plans his class, but the LORD determines his stairss. Same thought as our text. Most of us know that God directs our stairss. But this verb is even stronger. God non merely directs our stairss, he besides determines or ordains our stairss. Because he is God, there are no accidents with him. No circumstance-whether good or bad-can semen to us apart from God s determined intent for us. All of us wonder what the following few months will convey. What will go on? Will it be a good clip or a bad clip for us personally? I ve researched that inquiry diligently and I know the reply: The following few months will be a batch like the last few months. In some ways, it will be concern as usual. You ll hold good yearss and bad yearss. You have some triumphs and some lickings. You ll be ill for a piece and you ll be healthy much of the clip. Some of your supplications will be answered ; some wo nt be answered. Some of your dreams will come true ; some will be dashed on the stones of difficult world. You ll detect that some of your friends will be at that place when you need them. Others will neglect you when you need them most. In many respects, life will be the same following hebdomad because we all face the same on-going challenges in our walk with the Lord. But know this: Your stairss in approaching hebdomads are made house by the Lord. He is in charge of the inside infor mations of your life. ( 2 ) God promises that when we fall, we will non be absolutely destroyed. Let s read the beginning of verse 23 of Psalm 37 once more. Doug Wilcox Though he stumbles, he will non fall. Derek Stringer Picture a trail that winds through a heavy wood. As the individual walks frontward, he does nt see the stone buried merely beneath the surface, and so he trips and falls to the land. Life is like that. We all stumble in many ways. The word translated utterly destroyed means to be cast hasty into a deep cavity. It s what happens when you stand at a drop border peering over the border, looking down 500 pess, when person pushes you from behind. When you eventually hit underside, you wo nt dust yourself off and maintain on traveling. You ve been utterly destroyed. God promises that wo nt go on to you and me. Though we may confront despairing, life-changing fortunes next twelvemonth, God will non let us to be utterly destroyed. Nothing can go on that will break up our relationship with him. The ground is clear. He upholds us with his mighty manus. Think of a male parent walking along with his immature boy by his side. There are two ways father and boy might keep custodies. The immature male child may make up with his bantam manus to hold on his male parent s immense manus. That works until the kid lurchs and he is forced to allow travel of his male parent s manus. But if the male parent places his immense manus around his boy s bantam manus, the male child is safe no affair what happens because his male parent s manus holds him up. He may falter but the male parent s manus upholds him. The autumn may be a autumn into problem or calamity, or it may be a autumn into serious moral wickedness. The autumn might be occasioned by the loss of a occupation, a wellness job, the break-up of a matrimony, the terminal of a friendly relationship, bankruptcy, or any kind of personal crisis that causes the loss of your repute. Or it could be a series of foolish picks that led you in a incorrect way so that you hurt your walk with God and hurt those around you every bit good. Sometimes the autumn of fortunes causes a autumn into resentment, substance maltreatment, choler, fury, opprobrious address, foolish determinations, lecherousness, criminal conversation, or other bad actions. The Bible repeatedly shows how easy this can go on to even the best people. The Bible Tells us the whole truth about human nature. We see work forces and adult females who are faithful one twenty-four hours and fickle the following. We see Peter self-praise, and so he is busted by his ain wickedness. We see worship assorted with concern, bravery followed by cowardliness, religion matched with uncertainty, generousness followed by greed, kindness overcome by haughtiness. We learn that strong people sometimes do really stupid things. Saints frequently act like evildoers. Derek Stringer These narratives are in the Bible both to teach us and to promote us. They teach us that even the best work forces under force per unit area can make really foolish things. No 1 is beyond the range of enticement. Very godly people can do some really incorrect choices-and suffer greatly as a consequence. And cause others to endure with them. It s good that the Bible shows this to us-or we would be tempted to deny this world. We like to believe, I m beyond that enticement. Do nt of all time state that. You do nt cognize what you re beyond. Today s triumph may really put you up for tomorrow s licking. Satan roams the universe like a mighty king of beasts, looking for cocksure Christians he can devour. Doug Wilcox Here are two other poetries we should see. Proverbs 24:16, Though a righteous adult male falls seven times, he rises once more, but the wicked are brought down by catastrophe. Derek Stringer We may fall once more and once more, problem may come once more and once more, we may fight once more and again-and once more! But it is the Lord s intent that we should rise-again and once more and once more. Doug Wilcox Psalm 145:14 declares that, The Lord upholds all those who fall and lifts up all who are bowed down. Derek Stringer When you fall, retrieve this: God neer intends you to remain down everlastingly. He intends for you to lift up and maintain on walking with him. Okay. So what does this intend? What practical aid is at that place in cognizing all of this. You say, Derek, Life hurts. . . or it may make really shortly. What s the application of this truth? Here are four practical applications. Number 1. Every item of life is under God s control. If God is God, so he must cognize about all the things that happen to us, and in some sense we ca nt to the full understand, that all things includes both the best and the worst that comes our manner. Becky Kelly Does this intend even our wickednesss are ordered by the Lord. Derek Stringer Well, we have to believe carefully in replying a inquiry like this. God is neer the writer or provoker of wickedness. Never. Sin is ever our ain duty. But that does non to the full reply the inquiry. If our wickedness can somehow be independently of God so that our wickedness ( and so, all the wickedness and wretchedness of the existence ) can somehow exist outside of God s ageless program, so God can non genuinely be sovereign over all parts of the existence. We might inquire the inquiry this manner: Is God crowned head over Satan? The reply must be yes. When you come all the manner to the bottom line, the reply goes something like this: God reigns over all parts of the existence all the clip, and he does it in such a manner that all things must suit into his ageless program. This even includes the world of wickedness itself. For grounds that we merely partially understand, God decreed to allow wickedness to come in the existence ( chiefly to expose his glorification through the grace that would be shown in delivering evildoers through the decease of his Son, the Lord Jesus Christ ) . When we sin, we remain to the full accountable for the incorrect picks we make-and the negative effects we must confront. But if God did non let it to go on, it would non go on. Therefore in the broadest sense of God s sovereignty, even our wickedness can non take topographic point apart from God s Godhead edict. Doug Wilcox There s a enigma here is nt at that place? Derek Stringer Absolutely, and it is a enigma so tremendous that we will pass infinity larning more about it, and wondering at the wealths of God s grace and the wisdom of his program. But if this is non true, so God is non genuinely God at all, and we are ( to borrow an Apostle Paul phrase ) of all work forces most suffering. But it is true, and hence we rejoice to function a God whose ways are far beyond our limited heads to understand. He can do the wrath of adult male congratulations him. And there is an of import personal application to be made at this point. Since every item of life comes under God s control, we can stay confident and peaceable even when life itself seems to whirl out of control. Are you familiar with the name George Muller of Bristol? There s a route ( a long 1 ) named after him in Bristol. For over 60 old ages, George Muller directed an orphanhood in Bristol, England, that provided for over 10,000 male childs and misss. Here is the astonishing fact: He neer one time made an entreaty for money. He depended on God for whatever was needed to back up the work. He would garner with his fellow workers to shout out to God for aid. On many occasions, the aid came while they prayed-a grocer would come by with staff of life, cheese, meat and eggs so the kids would hold breakfast in the forenoon. Mr. Muller proved in his ain life that you can take God at his Word. After he died, person picked up his well-worn Bible and began to flick through it. Because Mr. Muller was an devouring Bible reader, its pages were filled with jottings from his day-to-day devotednesss. Following to the words of Psalm 37:23, he had added two small words to the text: The stairss AND STOPS of a good adult male are ordered by the Lord. How true that is. For the Christian the way of life is neer an unbroken consecutive line to heaven. We all go through many dangers, labors and traps on our manner to the Heavenly City. How good to cognize that our God ordains both the stairss and Michigans of life. Second. God takes pleasance in our battle to walk in sanctity. Read the beginning of verse 23 Becky. Becky Kelly Okay. . . it says, The Lord delectations in the manner of the adult male. Derek Stringer See a male parent and his immature girl who is merely larning how to walk. For months she has been creeping ; late she has learned how to draw herself up and stand on her coggling legs while keeping her male parent s manus. One twenty-four hours she pulls her manus free, wobbles for a minute, tries to take a measure frontward, and falls down. Does her male parent state her off for falling down? Of class non. He smiles a spot at her cryings, and so he helps her dorsum up. Good parents know that falling is a necessary portion of larning how to walk. If you neer fall, you ll neer larn how to walk. And parents do their kids no favor by being so protective that their kids neer fall down. Falling is nt merriment for the kid, but a wise parent knows that falling ever comes before walking. This applies straight to the falls we take spiritually. Our battles are necessary even though they are non pleasant or easy to digest. Sometimes ( frequently! ) we bring problem on ourselves by the foolish picks we make. And sometimes we end up aching ourselves and those around us really greatly by reiterating those bad picks over and over once more. Marriages terminal, friendly relationships are broken, churches split, our kids suffer, and the cause of Christ is hurt by the things we say and do. Sin is serious concern, and we neer sin without aching ourselves, and really frequently, those around us. I do nt intend to propose that God takes pleasance in our wickedness or that our wickedness does non convey penalty. But when we sin, we sometimes wrongly conclude that God must detest me now. And in our desperation we want to conceal in a cupboard and neer come out. How could God of all time take us back after what we did? The reply is, God loves his kids with an everlasting love. Nothing we say or do can of all time divide us from the love of God in Christ Jesus. We are joined to our Father with sets of ageless love stronger than steel. He loves us excessively much to allow us travel on in wickedness forever. And when we turn back to him, with trembling lip, profoundly guilty, fearing the worst, believing all hope is lost, we discover the good intelligence that he waits with unfastened weaponries for us to come place to him. When the Prodigal Son eventually came to his senses in the far state, holding wasted his heritage on exuberant life so that he ended up eating with the hogs, holding rehearsed what he would state, experiencing no longer worthy to be called his male parent s boy, in the thick of his shame and desperation, sloging down the long route place, after all that, when he was yet a long manner off, his male parent ran to run into him, hugged him, and smothered him with busss. When your kids disobey and you punish them, do you detest them or make you love them? You discipline them because you love them and because your bosom is broken over their noncompliance. The same is true a million times more of our heavenly Father. The things we suffer because of our noncompliance prove that God still loves us. He waits uneasily for the slightest bend in his way. No affair what we have done, if we will return to the Lord, he will copiously excuse us. One other point and we will travel on. God licenses us to fall when he could halt it. If he permits it, so what he permits must finally be for our religious benefit. Not the autumn itself, but what we will finally larn from it. God allows us to endure when he could halt it. Not that enduring itself is good, but it is frequently the tract to tremendous approval for us. ( 3 ) God designs our tests so they will non destruct us. This follows from all that I have said. Verse 24 assures us that though we may falter or autumn temporarily, we will non be absolutely destroyed. God will non let anything to for good destruct our relationship with him. Not even decease itself can break up our strong connexion with God. Doug Wilcox Job 23:10, He knows the manner that I take ; when he has tested me, I will come away as gold. Derek Stringer When you are in the furnace, it is difficult to believe that any good could ensue from the ardent test, but God says, Wait for a piece and you will see pure gold. During the worst minutes, we take this by religion and bent on to God, believing that better yearss must finally come. Thus it is that Job lost everything, Joseph was cast into prison on a hypocrite colza charge, and Jonah ended up in the abdomen of a great fish. Jonah was a really loath prophesier whose concluding words are both angry and impeaching. But still he was God s adult male for Nineveh. God said, I m traveling to direct you to the abdomen of a fish so you can believe about things for a piece. He did, and finally he was puked out on the beach ( non a really pleasant experience ) . Job lost everything and gained back more than he lost. Joseph ended up the 2nd most powerful adult male in Egypt. Sometimes our tests lead to a publicity ; other times we feel like we ve been puked up on the beach. God does it both ways-and we ll likely see both if we live long plenty. But God had bigger things in head in all three instances. He was nt through with Job or Joseph or Jonah. Nor is he through with us merely because we stumble and autumn. See what Jesus said to Peter in the Upper Room on the dark before he was crucified: Doug Wilcox Satan has asked to sift you as wheat. But I have prayed for you, that your religion may non neglect. And when you have turned back, beef up your brothers. Derek Stringer This statement deserves particular notice because Jesus said it before Peter s treble denial. In fact, Jesus said it merely before Peter made his braggart promise of unending fidelity. The point is, Jesus saw it all coming, knew everything before it took topographic point: The self-praise, The teenage miss around the fire, The curse, The perennial denials, The shame, The acrimonious cryings, The guilt, The Restoration. He knew Peter better than Peter knew himself. He knew the stairss Peter was about to take in the incorrect way. In a sense, he had more echt assurance in Peter than Peter had in himself. By himself, Peter was merely full of himself. But Jesus said, I have prayed for you. He did nt halt Peter from touting or from denying. He let affairs take their natural class, but he prayed for Peter, cognizing that Peter at bosom was a good adult male who loved him, and cognizing that his denial was non the existent Peter. The existent Peter was the adult male who declared, You are the Christ, the Son of the life God. The nazarene allowed Peter to fall off, cognizing that through his supplications, Peter would finally return, and when he did, he would be a better, stronger adult male, humbled by his failure, ready to function the Lord with a humbleness Born of painful failure. ( 4 ) We will non absolutely autumn because God will non allow travel. Theologians call this the philosophy of ageless security. It merely means that those whom God saves, he saves everlastingly. Though we stumble and fall a 1000 times, God s love is house because his intents are ageless. Our redemption rests non on our public presentation but on God s unchanging character. Doug Wilcox Charles Spurgeon once more: No saint shall fall eventually or fatally. Sorrow may convey us to the Earth, and decease may convey us to the grave, but lower we can non drop, and out of the lowest of all we shall originate to the highest of all. Derek Stringer Martin Luther said that it takes three things to do a adult male of God-meditation, supplication and enticement. We re all right with the first two because we know we need to read the Bible and pray. But most of us would non add enticement to the list. Luther meant that godly character can merely be developed in the melting pot of life where we fight many conflicts with the universe, the flesh, and the Satan. The enticement to discontinue, to desperation, to give in to bitterness, to fly the battle, to give to crave, to give in to greed, to indulge ourselves, to walk in pride, these things either destruct us or they make us stronger. Prayer and Bible reading entirely can non do us godly. We need the battles of life to do us strong. One Minister made this remark. Looking back on his life he was really certain of himself in his mid-twentiess. But he said, I have bumped up against the difficult border of my restrictions and wickedness, once more and once more. I am less certain about what s incorrect with Christendom, and more certain about what s incorrect with me. Those are wise words from a adult male who has experienced the grace of God through the ups and downs of life. We do non feign that our tests neer happened or that Christians neer suffer. We suffer merely like everyone else on this sin-cursed planet. Nor is it good when we fall into wickedness. Just inquire any Christian who fell into serious moral wickedness how good it was. Sin merely delights for a season. All Satan s apples have worms. But there is an of import truth in our transition that we need to understand: God is at work in our tests and in our falls in a manner we neer dreamed, neer knew, and neer saw at the clip. Nothing is wasted with God. All things genuinely do work together for our good and for God s glory-even though we seldom see that in progress. I remember sing a adult male in infirmary. He told me that he had less than a twelvemonth to populate. In fact he had less than a month! He said, I had known that was a possibility, but it is still jaring to hear it said. I saw no resentment or choler at that place, and no fright either. My friend wanted to populate every bit long as he could, and he fought every bit difficult as he could, but if you had asked him, Are you all right? he ll answer, Yes, I m ok. It s non easy but my friend had come to clasps with the fact that God loves him and is telling every measure he takes. That s what this great truth can make for us. Pray for yourself that the truth of these poetries will truly travel place and beef up you now and for future yearss. Pray for the people around you in your life excessively. Pray for me. Prayer is a strength to our psyche. Some of the replies we can see. Others are known merely to God. I mention that to indicate out that the supplications of the trusters are one manner the Lord upholds his kids as they walk the way that leads from Earth to heaven. Doug Wilcox Thank you Derek. You re listening to Word Alive produced by Good News Broadcasting. Dr. Derek Stringer is our Bible Teacher. Here s a idea that may promote you: If it is possible, God loves you even more when you struggle because that s when you need him most. When is a male parent most honoured? When his kids are in problem and turn to him for aid. Even so, our God is honoured and shows his particular attention for his kids when they go through battles on Earth. Here s Derek once more. Derek Stringer Let s sum up the application of this message with three simple statements: ( 1 ) Your battles are necessary battle on! ( 2 ) Your Father has non forgotten you bent on! ( 3 ) Your hereafter is assured walk on! Here are three good slogans for you: Fight on! Hang on! Walk on! God will non set you in an intolerable state of affairs. But he may set you in a state of affairs that seems intolerable so that you will turn to Him. Remember that God does non give his strength in progress but merely when needed. Each twenty-four hours this hebdomad you will hold what you need. We may therefore travel away into the approaching yearss with assurance, hope, and joy. And in the terminal we come back to the Lord Jesus and back to the cross. If you are tired of your wickedness, run to the cross. If you want a new start in life, run to the cross. If you feel like a failure, tally to the cross. If you fear the hereafter, run to the cross. If you need trust and encouragement, run to the cross. If you want to run into Jesus, run to the cross. Becky Kelly Reach us about this because we truly would wish to assist you. Reach inside informations are coming up in a minute. Derek Stringer For those who do nt cognize the Lord, the Bible says there is merely one measure between you and devastation. But there is besides merely one measure between you and Jesus. It s the measure of religion. Reach out to Jesus as Lord and Saviour. He will come to you and your life will neer be the same. I said earlier that the following few months will be merely like last few months. Let me amend that statement merely a spot: The following few months will be merely like the last few months-only wholly different! Some things will be the same, much will be different, and some things will be trade name new to us. Be encouraged. The hereafter rests in the good custodies of a God who loves you more than you can conceive of. You may falter, but you wo nt wholly fall. This is God s promise to you. Amons. Doug Wilcox You Can Stumble But You Wo nt Fall . . . Psalm 37 poetries 23 and 24. That s been our subject today in Dr. Stringer s current series on happening Fresh Hope. You can acquire the complete series of six messages on Cadmium or cassette merely reference Fresh Hope when you call. Becky Kelly Following clip Derek will undertake the topic Managing Life When Confronting Deep Regret. Do nt lose it. Doug Wilcox Thankss for being with us today for Word Alive produced by Good News Broadcasting.

The Turn of the Screw Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Turn of the Screw - Essay Example Whereas a conventional fiction-writer endeavors to establish the credibility of the reality which s/he depicts in his fiction, James intentionally attempts to stir up the readers’ doubt about the credibility of the narrator’s presentation of the uncanny monstrosity of the children’s and the monstrous environment in the House. In the novel, James has employed various narrative strategies to support his assertion that nothing truly exists outside the human imagination or takes precedence over the human imagination, using the characters to defend and analyze this position. His first strategy is to instill the uncanny monstrosity in the characters of the novel. The novel does not directly tell the readers whether the Children are really monstrous or not. Rather it inspires the readers to decide whether they are monstrous. Another strategy of James is that he makes the Governess’s character unreliable. The way how the Governess tells the story necessarily provo kes the readers to think that there must be a number of different possible interpretations of the reality which she presents. In the novel, James has made a shrewd application of the uncanny to justify his comment that the fictional reality is what and how we perceive it. ... Even sometimes she herself proves to be wrong and seems that she suffers from hallucination. This uncertainty of the Governess’s storytelling provokes the readers to question whether the children are really monstrous or this monstrosity is a misperception or fabrication of the Governess. Both any possible conclusion what a reader may reach is that the horizon of a fiction is, indeed, a vast area where the writers enjoy the utmost freedom to arrange the events in a particular sequence to make the plot credible. While reading the novel, the readers’ attentions become focused on two focal points. First, they grow doubtful about whether the children, Miles and Flora, are really monstrous or not. Secondly, they question whether there is something wrong on the Governess’s part. Indeed, James’s success to divide up the readers’ attentions on two apparently contradictory focal points tends to establish his claim that, whatever the reality about the children is, the ultimate reality is how we perceive it. For example, a reader can tell for sure whether Miles and Flora maintain a secret relationship with Quint, the dead valet and Miss Jessel who is also dead now. Flora’s nocturnal movement and the discovery of her ‘too free’ intimacy with Miss Jessel, Miles’s association with the ghosts, his unexplained banishment from the school –all these events seem so supernatural and ominous. The Governess claims that she could see some ghostly associations of Miles and Flora with the dead valet and governess. Even she claims that she has encountered with their ghosts for several times. But this claim makes the readers dubious about her psychological sanity, when they once

Woman, Arshile Gorky, David Garnand, Roy Lichten, One Dot At A Time, Essay

Woman, Arshile Gorky, David Garnand, Roy Lichten, One Dot At A Time, Fantastic Child - Essay Example Pollock’s inspiration by Garnand is seen to be photos within the modern and real life environment. The photos are mainly focused on a tree section, and the background appears to be misty or foggy. The photos are taken on an elevated view focusing the sky as the background. The tree section appears to be dry and quite dark signifying a winter period. The white and mostly clear background give more focus on the tree section which is seen to be quite dark. An essence of nature and its effect are seen from these photos which make them look quite beautiful and natural. Corey Egbert illustration photo portrays a woman who is depicted with a cartoon appearance. There is use of bright colors that are focused upon by the dark background. The photos portrays emotion within the paintings while maintaining a real life emotional situation, like the use if tears and facial expression. The photo also portrays a beautiful woman who makes the observer feel sorry about the tears from her eyes. From looking at the painting, I am able to blend in within the mood of the painting setup even without my knowledge. There is some good work applied on this painting. The one dot at a time art is some colorful pictures which include emotions and feelings within the picture. There is great use of color and perfect combination of the background. If checked closely, the pictures are seen to be formed by little dots placed and drawn in a picture to pull out a perfect picture at the end. The dots are quite small and cannot be seen.

Orem's theory of self-care in the maternity department Essay

Orem's theory of self-care in the maternity department - Essay Example As the essay declares the subject of short study here is, ‘The concept of Self-Care’ in nursing practice as envisaged in the maternity department of a hospital. It will be argued that the Praxis of Self-Care could greatly improve the rehabilitative role of nurses by positively influencing an individual’s self-care agency; which is the power component of self - care behavior, as according to Dorothea Orem’s Theory. This paper discusses that the term ‘Self-Care’, is familiar through Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory of nursing. Orem’s theory is composed of three related theories: the theory of Self-Care, the theory of Self-Care Deficit and, the theory of Nursing Systems. Orem’s theory views the individual as a self – care agent with especial needs. When ‘self-care’ is practiced it enhances health and well-being being. There is a visible link between responsibility and self-care; Self-care can be stated as a self-initiated, deliberate and purposeful activity linked to health and well-being. Pertinent action is performed to meet the therapeutic self-care demand arising out of known needs for care. This varies from time to time, as required by the various stages of life-cycle, of the individual person. The non-fulfillment of this demand, gives rise to a self-care deficit, which denotes the need for nursing. The decision to provide self-care is tak en jointly by the patient and the nurse. Herein the nurse plays a pivotal part in the influence of the patient.

Corporate Governance in Different Countries

Corporate Governance in Different Countries Corporate Governance and theories Development of Corporate Government is a global occurrence. Different countries have different Theories in relevance and also depend on the stage of economic condition the country is in, the corporate structure of the country and the ownership groups present. It is also important to understand that not only shareholders but other stake holders are also involved wit a company and therefore emphasis should be given to other interest groups as well like employees, suppliers, customers and local communities (Christine A Mallin 2007). Theories associated with development of corporate governance Agency theory In the theory, there are two parties – principals and agents. Owners are considered Principal and director – agents. According to the theory due to self interest agents may not be working towards principals interest. In such cases the result may not be as expected by the principals or owners. A good corporate control is thus required to reduce agency problems and to keep control over directors actions. Transaction cost economies As firms desire to grow overtime, they need capital to expand. Often a firm raises a capital by going public or including other shareholders into the firms. As the owners in the company increase it is possible that the separation of ownership and control (which mostly remains in the hands of directors) may create problems. Stakeholder theory As discussed earlier, a firm has a member of stakeholders and is not just accountable to shareholders. If there are other stakeholders that need to be given emphasis then the governance system is developed accordingly. Corporate governance has only recently gained more importance and although agency theory was the main theory that led to its development, stakeholder theory is gaining more importance as it evolves further. It has been observed that good corporate governance have helped business perform better and provided better access to finances. Corporate Governance in UK Cadbury and Greenbury reports had a major contribution in UKs Corporate Governance. Cadbury Report (1992) â€Å"The Report of the committee on the financial aspects of corporate governance†, also known the Cadbury report, was published in December 1992. After 1980s financial scandals, a committee was formed in may 1991 by the financial reporting councils the London stock exchange and the accountancy profession. The committee worked in the financial aspects of corporate Governance and produced a code of Best Practice, which all UK listed companies related to director remuneration, responsibilities and tenure. Some of the recommendations were as follows. The majority of non-executive directors should be independent of management and free from business or other relationship. Non-executive directors should be appointed for the specified terms. Executive remuneration should be subject to the recommendation of a remuneration committee made up entirely or mainly of non – executive directors. Greenbury Report (1995) The rise of remuneration of directors and absence of necessary incentives for directors to perform better works a rising concern for investors and the public at large especially for listed firms. The Greenbury committee was thus established to address the above-mentioned issue. The committee submitted its report in 1995 and much of its findings were incorporated into the code of Best Practice on Directors Remuneration. The report addressed for major issues â€Å"The role addressed for major issues in setting the remuneration package for the CEO and other director. Service contracts - performance†. Hampel Report (1998) After the Greenbury report in 1995, a committee was established in 1996 to review and revise the earlier recommendations of the Cadbury and Greenbury committees. The committee recognized that it was important to understand the situation of each company and the principle of corporate government should be more flexible to be applicable to all companies. While Cadbury and Greenbury reports addressed the abuse of the discretionary authority entrusted to management, Hampel viewed the same to maximize the shareholder value. Combined Code (1998) The combined code was formed from recommendations of Cadbury, Greenbury and Hampel reports put together. It outlined the best practices, which were not mandatory for companies to provide sufficient information to the shareholders about its practices. Higgs Report The report was dedicated towards determining the role, independence and recruitment of non-executive directors. Higgs identified non-executive directors role contributing to corporate strategy, setting remuneration of executive directors, monitoring the performance of executive management et. And recommended that one third board should comprise of non-executive directors. Corporate Governance in Germany In Germany, most of the firms are either public or private limited that have shareholders who control the firm and its policies. Like many other European countries, in Germany there are a number of shareholders in a firm. Both financial and non financial investors hold considerable shares in a firm and are the most influential people. It is therefore important to take into consideration these cross-holdings that investors have when analysing the corporate governance in Germany. According to Charkham (1994), banks have considerable investment in large firms and therefore play a central role in determining the corporate policies of the firm. Banks provide long term loans to the firms and develop long term relationship with the firms in the course of time. Due to these facts the corporate governance in Germany can also be called an ‘insider system (Charkahm, 1994). The German corporate governance has a dual board system comprising of a management board and a supervisory board. The management board handles the day to day activities of the firm and is responsible for management of the whole firm. The supervisory board on the other hand is responsible for appointing the directors in the management board, supervising them and deciding their remuneration. The supervisory board also advices the management board on various aspects of business. According to Charkham (1994), â€Å" if there were a spectrum with ‘confrontation at one end and ‘co-operation at the other, we would definitely place German attitudes and behaviour far closer to the co-operation end than, say, those of British or Americans.† (Charkham, 1994) What Charkham (1994) indicated was how close the shareholders in German firms are to its operations and the interests of different stakeholders are given equal emphasis. This is supported by the Works Constitution Act 1972, according to which work council has the right to deal with employee matters and conditions of work. This is done to improve trust of the employees in the organisation by keeping them informed about companys activities and allowing them to participate in the decisions of the company that may have effects on the workers. However the first corporate governance code, Cromme code, was first published in 2002 as discussed in the next section. Cromme Code (2002) A committee chaired by Dr Gerhard Cromme was assigned the task to submit a report on corporate governance. The committee submitted the Cromme Report, also know as the Cromme Code, which was published in 2002 and has a number of sections that provide guidelines about different aspects of corporate governance. Later in 2005 there some amendments made to the code. Some of the sections that Cromme Code covered are: General Meetings and shareholders According to this section of the code, it is required by the companies to submit annual reports and other financial statements in the general meeting. The meeting decides how the net income has to be disclosed and whether the decision made by the management and the supervisory boards are appropriate and approved. The code also requires the firms to publish these on their website, with any other agenda for public transparency. Co-operation between the Management Board and the Supervisory Board The management board being the set of directors who actually run the company operations, and the supervisory board being the one that advises and sets goals for the management board, it is important that the two boards co-operate with each other. The code therefore suggests that the management board should report its activities to the supervisory board so that the companys strategic approach is rightly followed. The management board can seek guidance of the supervisory board in case of any issue and should look to report these immediately. The supervisory board on the other hand should monitor the progress of the management board and check if the duties assigned to management board are being performed effectively and if there are any changes to be made into them. If there is any deviation from the Cromme Code then it is the duty of the management board and the supervisory board to mention them in the annual report explaining why such deviations had occurred. The company has to keep t hese details available for public viewing for atleast five years. Management Board The management board is set up by the supervisory board, and it is required as per the code to report these notes in the accounts. In case of any difference in the interest of the management board and the supervisory board, it should be immediately conveyed to the supervisory board. This is important so that management board can work independently and in the best interests of the company. The code also mentions that the remuneration of the management board should consist of both fixed salary and variable salary, as in many companies where variable salary is based on performance of the firm. Supervisory Board The supervisory board has the responsibility to determine the composition of the management board and monitoring of the management board. It is therefore important that the supervisory board has suitable knowledge, experience and ability to make good management board and set good targets. Not only this a good supervisory board can provide good guidance to the management board. The code suggests that the supervisory should be independent and not related to the management board so as to avoid any conflict of interests. The code also forbids the chairman of the management board to become the chairman of the supervisory board. The code also states that the management board directors cannot be in the supervisory board of more than 5 non group listed companies. The remuneration of the directors in the supervisory board can contain both fixed and performance related pay and needs to be disclosed n the annual report as well. The remuneration can be determined in the general meeting or in the articles of association. The Cromme Code has an important requirement that if supervisory board take part in less than half of the meetings in a fiscal year then it has to be mentioned in the supervisory board report. Transparency The code requires the management board to disclose any information or fact that might affect the company operations and not known to the public. This is so as to keep all shareholders equally informed about the companys facts. Disclosure should be made through media which is accessible in time to the public. Reporting and Audit of the Financial Resources In order to avoid any fabrication of the reports the code requires the supervisory board or the audit committee to obtain a statement from the auditor clarifying that there is no financial or any other relation between the firm and the auditor that can affect auditors independence. According to the amendments, from 2006 onwards, it is important for the companies to disclose all elements of the directors remuneration. However, if 75 percent of the shareholders feel that further disclosure is not required then the firm can chose to do so. It can be said that the corporate governance code in Germany has provided great emphasis on serving the interests of various stakeholders. Corporate Governance in India Government had set new reforms introduced in India after the economic downturn in 1990-91 to open up the economy to depend on market mechanisms instead of the government. With the new reforms the committee Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), which became the regulator of the securities market aimed at transforming the public sector and the banking sector in line with international norms. As the disclosure requirements were introduced to safeguard the interests of shareholders these markets were altered. After the economic downturn in India during 1990 – 91, Indian government introduced new reforms to open the economy to rely more on the market mechanisms instead of the government. The new reforms were mainly aimed at making the public sector more efficient. There were also reforms in the banking sector to bring India in line with international norms, and in the securities market, with the new committee Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) becoming the regulator of the securities market. The securities market was altered as disclosure requirements were introduced to safeguard shareholders interests. Kar (2001) mentions how â€Å" foreign portfolio investment was permitted in India since 1992 and foreign institutional investors also began to play an important role in the institutionalization of the market†. India has a range of business, including the public limited companies listed in the stock exchange, private companies and foreign companies. Main ownership of the companies is difficult to determine as there are very few studies in this area but we can say that after the economy opened up after 1990-91, institutional investors are gaining more shares of the market. The Confederation of Indian Industries published a ‘Desirable Code of Corporate Governance in 1998 and many companies took the recommendation of the committee on board. Still there are many companies that have poor governance practices which has led to the concerns about financial reporting practices, their accountability to losses being suffered by investors and the resultant loss of confidence that this caused. A recent example of Satyam Computers proves this that still there are companies, which are not following the Code of Corporate Governance. SEBI formally established the Committee on Corporate Governance in May 1999, chaired by Shri Kumar Mangalam Birla. The report of the Kumar Mangalam Birla Committee on Corporate Governance was published in 2000. The report emphasizes the importance of corporate governance for future growth of the economy and the capital market. Three key aspects underlying corporate governance are defined as accountability, transparency, and equality of treatment for all stakeholders in terms of information. The recommendations of the SEBI are split into mandatory requirements, which are essential for effective corporate governance, and non-mandatory requirements. Board of Directors Board in Indian companies should comprise of the Executive Directors and Non-Executive Directors and Independent Directors. The code recommends not less than 50 percent of the board should be comprised of the Non-Executive Directors, where there is a non-executive chairman, and at least one-third of the board should comprise independent directors, where there is an executive chairman, and finally at least half the board should be independent, the latter being mandatory. Nominee Directors The Indian system allows nominee directors appointed by the financial or investment institutions to protect their investment in the company. Such directors should have the same responsibility as other directors and be accountable to the shareholders. Chairman of the Board The roles of the chairman and the chief executive are different, the code identifies the roles as related and may be combined and performed by one person. Audit Committee The audit committee has many mandatory recommendations, like the committee should comprise at least three members, all of them being the non-executive directors. The audit committee is empowered to seek external advice as appropriate and to seek information from any employee. Remuneration Committee Remuneration committee is set up to decide on the remuneration of the executive directors. Committee should be comprised of at least three non-executive, chaired by an independent director. All the remuneration package of the directors must be disclosed in the annual report with details on all the elements including the fixed salary and performance based incentives. Another mandatory requirement is that the board of directors must decide on the remuneration package of the non-executive directors. Board Procedures Board Meetings should be held a minimum of 4 times in a year with a maximum of 4 months between two meetings and that a director must not be involved in more than 10 committees or act as a chairman in more than 5 committees. Management Management should ensure smooth day – to – day activities of the company. There should be disclosure of the companys performance, position and other things of interest to shareholders in the annual report. Shareholders Shareholders are allowed to be able to participate in the annual general meeting, therefore whenever there is a new appointment of a director it must be in the knowledge of the shareholders about the same. Manner of Implementation Companies must have a separate section on Corporate Governance in its annual report. Non-compliance of any recommendations should be highlighted and explained. The Indian code is rather complex as compared to UK and Germany as it has a number of mandatory and non-mandatory recommendations in its code. Although India has good recommendations on corporate governance code but still the acceptance of code in many companies is still lagging. Roles, Duties, Responsibilities and Liabilities of Directors Functions of Directors In 1844 an Act in Parliament described directors as ‘ the persons having direction, conduct, management or superintendence of a companys affairs. (Alfred Read) described director as a special kind of agent, whose function is to control the companys affairs. The directors in a company have certain responsibilities at law, which they must perform efficiently and effectively. In large organisations the major role of the board is to set the context of the strategy and not to formulate the strategy. To accomplish this, the board must keep on reviewing the corporate definition ‘what business are we in. This can be done by assessing and reviewing strategic proposals and changing them by giving comment and advice on the same, by encouraging managers to work on their strategic aims. The results of these sets the standards of the organisation as well as the standards others have to attain. Another challenge for the directors in an organisation is to balance the powers of managers w ith accountability to the shareholders. The board of directors act as the internal mechanism for control to overcome the principal agent problem. Directors also help in acquiring critical resources and responding to environmental forces and their impact on the organisation. These were however how the roles were perceived in the 1970s and after a number of highly publicised cases of corporate fraud and failure there has been a strong focus on policy issues. According to the Companies Act 2006, the duties of the directors have been identified seven-folds. These have been formulated to keep the acts of the directors in the interest of the company they serve and their shareholders. It is quite interesting how the roles and duties are slowly being more specifically defined and the need of the directors to comply with these by enforcing these into the Company Act. The Company Director His Functions, Powers and Duties by Alfred Read, Jordan Sons Limited, London, 1971 Safeguarding the Shareholders An important function of the board is to ensure that the interests of the members are properly safeguarded. If saving and investment are to play their proper part in the future, the investor must be assured of fair treatment and an adequate return, and it is for the directors to ensure that, so far as is consistent with the circumstances, he is not disappointed. Take Over Bids The function of the board in safeguarding the interests of shareholders is of particular importance in take-over situations. The general rule regarding the exercise of directors powers applies that the interests of their company must be their paramount consideration. It follows that the directors of a company, when advising their shareholders whether to accept or reject an offer for their shares, must disregard the effect he take-over will have on their own personal positions. Ensuring Progress Another function is that of ensuring that the operations of the company are kept under constant review so that changes which are necessary are made without delay when changes take place in public taste or in political and economic conditions. Checking Up on Progress A board must check up on results in order to ensure that the policy that has been laid down is being carried out and that the results expected from it have been obtained. Proper statements should be presented to the directors at regular intervals to keep them informed of what is happening. Powers of Directors The duty of the board is to see that the business is carried in accordance with the memorandum and articles of association. While some powers may be reserved for shareholders, some powers can only be exercised by the board of directors. Often the directors are given power to declare and pay interim dividends during the year if in their opinion the profits of the company justify them. It is also usual for the fixed dividends on preference shares to be authorized by the board. Other powers usually vested in the board are the allotment of shares, the making of calls, the forfeiture of shares for non-payment o calls, the appointment of the chairman and of agents, officers and servants of the company and all matters of policy and management which are of special importance. Also the directors may delegate any of their powers to committees consisting of such members of their body as they think fit; any committee so formed shall in the exercise of the powers so delegated conform to any regulations that may be imposed on it by the directors. Remuneration of Directors Salary has traditionally been described as a word that represents as monthly income of an individual. Directors Remuneration has been a major concern for investors for long. It is observed that directors remuneration has some or most elements of the following: Basic Salary Benefits in Kind Annual Bonus Share Options Pension Rights Basic Salary Basic Salary is a fixed part of the salary that directors get. The basic is generally in the range that similar jobs are offered. Individual experience, skills, and commitment also form an important factor of determining the basic salary. It is also important for the company to analyze skills, and job security related to the individual while setting the basic pay. Benefits in Kind Certain companies provide the directors with some benefits in kind. For example provision of goods, travel and luxury items are some kinds of benefits given to the directors of the company. It is however important that the remuneration committee keeps a close check on such benefits and reviews them periodically, annually provided to improve executive performance. Annual Bonuses Annual bonuses are given based on the performance of company or division. It is mostly a variable form of remuneration and is generally a percentage of basic pay. Annual bonuses can act as motivation for directors to improve their performance. It is therefore important that the remuneration committee sets the good performance targets for the directors. Long Term Incentive Schemes (Share Options) Executive share option is a long-term incentive scheme that has been used by companies for long. Share Options are provided at a lower price than that in the market or at some future date at current prices. This is a factor used to align directors and shareholders interests. The directors thus would want the share prices to go up so as to benefit from the returns from their holdings. However, the directors may sell off their shares and loose interest in share prices thereafter. In UK a provision in the code C6, limits directors to exercise their share options, for at least three years. This is done to keep directors interest in the share prices high for at least that period. A benefit for share options is that it is not taxed until the shares are sold and thus provide the directors a non-taxed form of investment for a specified period. Pension Rights â€Å"Pension Entitlements are a key element in the total Remuneration, with important longer term implications for the individual and the company† (Greenbury, 1995). The pension provision is carefully considered by the remuneration committees, and is measured in terms of the value of pension entitlements earned during the year. (As written in proposal needs more changes but not sure of the books from where it was written) Remuneration can be defined as the aim to reward people fairly, consistently and equitably in accordance to their value to the organization. The impact of executive remuneration on the efficiency of the company can be explained with many different theories. Other policies and theories on effective remuneration, like theory of Human Motivation, are based on the need for stability and sustained staff commitment. Also there are surveyed and comparable pay market for different grades and specialists. Remuneration also depends on the pay structure practice in comparable organizations. Members of board of directors who are not the employees or major shareholders are paid for their services as directors of the company. In the past directors compensation was relatively dependent on the number of hours they devoted to the company but according to the new federal law a new sense of public outrage has appeared and a new fear of shareholder litigation has caused directors to work even harder as before and hence many of the determinants have changed since then.